SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>A Pattern Language</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>A Pattern Language</i></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1287740527">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ib-book .infobox-title{font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-book .Z3988{display:none}.mw-parser-output .ib-book .infobox-below{border-top:#aaa 1px solid}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox ib-book vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Architecture</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Oxford University Press</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1977</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">1071</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><bdi>0-19-501919-9</bdi></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">HT166.A6147</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="The_Oregon_Experiment" title="The Oregon Experiment">The Oregon Experiment</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="The_Timeless_Way_of_Building" title="The Timeless Way of Building">The Timeless Way of Building</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i><b>A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction</b></i> is a 1977 book on <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>, and community <a href="Livability" title="Livability">livability</a>. It was authored by <a href="Christopher_Alexander" title="Christopher Alexander">Christopher Alexander</a>, <a href="Sara_Ishikawa" title="Sara Ishikawa">Sara Ishikawa</a> and <a href="Murray_Silverstein" title="Murray Silverstein">Murray Silverstein</a> of the Center for Environmental Structure of <a href="Berkeley%2C_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, with writing credits also to Max Jacobson, Ingrid Fiksdahl-King and Shlomo Angel. Decades after its publication, it is still one of the best-selling books on architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The book creates a new language, what the authors call a <a href="Pattern_language" title="Pattern language">pattern language</a> derived from timeless entities called patterns. As they write on page xxxv of the introduction, "All 253 patterns together form a language." Patterns describe a problem and then offer a solution. In doing so the authors intend to give ordinary people, not only professionals, a way to work with their neighbors to improve a town or neighborhood, design a house for themselves or work with colleagues to design an office, workshop, or public building such as a school.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>Written in the 1970s at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <i>A Pattern Language</i> is structured as a network, where each pattern may have a statement referenced to another pattern by placing that pattern's number in brackets, for example: <b>(12)</b> means go to the <i>Community of 7,000</i> pattern.

</p><p>It includes 253 patterns and is written as a set of problems and documented solutions.

</p><p>

According to the authors, the work originated from an observation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the core […] is the idea people should design their homes, streets, and communities. This idea […] comes from the observation most of the wonderful places of the world were not made by architects, but by the people.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Christopher Alexander et al., <i>A Pattern Language</i>, front bookflap</p></div><p>

The book primarily describes its patterns verbally, but has supporting illustrations. It describes exact methods for constructing designs at every scale, from entire regions, through cities, neighborhoods, gardens, buildings, rooms, built-in furniture, and fixtures down to the level of doorknobs. The patterns are regarded by the authors not as infallible, but as hypotheses: </p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[…] each pattern represents our current best guess as to what arrangement of the physical environment will work to solve the problem presented. The empirical questions center on the problem—does it occur and is it felt in the way we describe it?—and the solution—does the arrangement we propose solve the problem? And the asterisks represent our degree of faith in these hypotheses. But of course, no matter what the asterisks say, the patterns are still hypotheses, all 253 of them—and are, therefore, all tentative, all free to evolve under the impact of new experience and observation.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Christopher Alexander et al., <i>A Pattern Language</i>, p. xv</p></div><p>

Some patterns focus on materials: </p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe ultra-lightweight concrete is one of the most fundamental bulk materials of the future.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Christopher Alexander et al., <i>A Pattern Language</i>, p. 958</p></div><p> Other patterns focus on life experiences such as the Street Cafe (Pattern 88):</p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The street cafe provides a unique setting, special to cities: a place people can sit lazily, legitimately, be on view, and watch the world go by […]. Encourage local cafes to spring up in each neighborhood. Make them intimate places, with several rooms, open to a busy path, so people can sit with a coffee or a drink, and watch the world go by. Build the front of the cafe so a set of tables stretch out of the cafe, right into the street.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Christopher Alexander et al., <i>A Pattern Language</i>, p. 437,439</p></div>

<p>Grouping these patterns, the authors say, they form a kind of language, each pattern forming a word or thought of a true language rather than a prescriptive way to design or solve a problem. As the authors write on p xiii, "Each solution is stated in such a way, it gives the essential field of relationships needed to solve the problem, but in a very general and abstract way—so you can solve the problem, in your way, by adapting it to your preferences, and the local conditions at the place you are making it."

</p><p>According to the authors, all the patterns were tested in the real world and then reviewed by multiple architects for beauty and practicality. The patterns include provision for future modification and repair.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<p>This book's method was adopted by the <a href="University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a>, as described in <i><a href="The_Oregon_Experiment" title="The Oregon Experiment">The Oregon Experiment</a></i>, and remains the official planning instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-UOCampusPlan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOCampusPlan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is adopted, in part, by some government agents as a building code.

</p><p>Alexander's conception of <a href="Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a>, and <a href="Pattern_language" title="Pattern language">pattern languages</a>, were major factors in the creation of <a href="Ward_Cunningham" title="Ward Cunningham">Ward Cunningham</a>'s <a href="WikiWikiWeb" title="WikiWikiWeb">WikiWikiWeb</a>, the first <a href="Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>, intended as an archive and discussion web application for the <a href="Portland_Pattern_Repository" title="Portland Pattern Repository">Portland Pattern Repository</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-artima_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artima-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The idea of a pattern language applies to many complex engineering tasks. It is especially influential in <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, where <a href="Software_design_pattern" title="Software design pattern">design patterns</a> are used to document collective knowledge in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that field, it was a major inspiration to <a href="Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a> before he wrote <i>Patterns of Software</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a> cited the book as one of his inspirations for creating <i><a href="SimCity_2000" title="SimCity 2000">SimCity 2000</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_titles_in_the_series">Other titles in the series</h2></div>

<p>The eight books in the <i>Center for Environmental Structure Series</i> are:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Timeless_Way_of_Building" title="The Timeless Way of Building">The Timeless Way of Building</a></i> (volume 1)</li>

<li><i>A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (volume 2)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Oregon_Experiment" title="The Oregon Experiment">The Oregon Experiment</a></i> (volume 3)</li>

<li><i>The Production of Houses</i> (volume 4)</li>

<li><i>The Linz Café</i> (volume 5)</li>

<li><i>A New Theory of Urban Design</i> (volume 6)</li>

<li><i>A Foreshadowing of 21st Century Art</i> (volume 7)</li>

<li><i>The Mary Rose Museum</i> (volume 8)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">review: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katarxis3.com/Review_Nature_Order.htm">Towards a New Science of Architecture, and a New Architecture of Science, KATARXIS No 3, London UK, September 2004</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UOCampusPlan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UOCampusPlan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Oregon Campus Plan -- Principle 11: Patterns. <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpfm.uoregon.edu/campus-plan"><i>UO Campus Plan</i></a>, Eugene, Oregon, 2018</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-artima-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artima_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Venners2003" class="citation web cs1">Bill Venners (October 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html">"Exploring with Wiki: A Conversation with Ward Cunningham, Part I"</a>. artima developer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205091836/http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berna L. Massingill, Timothy G. Mattson, and Beverly A. Sanders (2000), A Pattern Language for Parallel Application Programs, Euro-Par 2000 Parallel Processing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-67956-1</bdi>, pages 678–681, 2000</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns/patterns">Our Pattern Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824182610/http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/patterns/patterns">Archived</a> 2017-08-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An ongoing collaborative effort to construct a pattern language for parallel programming.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel1996" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard (1996). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternssoftware00gabr_573"><i>Patterns of Software: Tales from the Software Community</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, UK. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternssoftware00gabr_573/page/n238">239</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-512123-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation magazine cs1">Kelly, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1994/01/wright/">""Will Wright: The Mayor of SimCity""</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/category/academic/series/artsandarchitecture/cess.do">Oxford University Press page for the series</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1977" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Christopher (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternlanguage00chri/page/1216"><i>A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternlanguage00chri/page/1216">1216</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-501919-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Alexander, Christopher; Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein (1974). "A Collection of Patterns Which Generate Multi-Service Centres" in Declan and Margrit Kennedy (eds.): <i>The Inner City</i>. Architects Year Book 14. London: Elek. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0 236 15431 1</bdi>.</li>

<li>Alexander, C. (1979). <i>The Timeless Way of Building</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-502402-9</bdi>.</li>

<li>Grabow, Stephen (1983). <i>Christopher Alexander: The Search for a New Paradigm in Architecture</i>. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li>

<li>Leitner, Helmut (2015). <i>Pattern Theory: Introduction and Perspectives on the Tracks of Christopher Alexander</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1505637430</bdi>.</li>

<li>Schuler, D. (2008). <i>Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-69366-0</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patternlanguage.com/">Pattern Language - Official web site of Christopher Alexander.</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christopher_Alexander39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Christopher_Alexander39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Christopher_Alexander" title="Christopher Alexander">Christopher Alexander</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Center_for_Environmental_Structure_Series41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Center for Environmental Structure Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Timeless_Way_of_Building" title="The Timeless Way of Building">The Timeless Way of Building</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Oregon_Experiment" title="The Oregon Experiment">The Oregon Experiment</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="The_Nature_of_Order" title="The Nature of Order">The Nature of Order</a></i> Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Nature_of_Order#The_Phenomenon_of_Life" title="The Nature of Order">The Phenomenon of Life</a> </i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Nature_of_Order#The_Process_of_Creating_Life" title="The Nature of Order">The Process of Creating Life</a> </i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Nature_of_Order#A_Vision_of_a_Living_World" title="The Nature of Order">A Vision of a Living World</a> </i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Nature_of_Order#The_Luminous_Ground" title="The Nature of Order">The Luminous Ground</a> </i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Notes_on_the_Synthesis_of_Form" title="Notes on the Synthesis of Form">Notes on the Synthesis of Form</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sala_House" title="Sala House">Sala House</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_Villages" title="Living Villages">The Wintles</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus_of_the_University_of_Oregon" title="Campus of the University of Oregon">The Oregon Experiment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=A_Pattern_Language&oldid=1258014925">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>